Gross Morphological and Morphometrical Developmental Studies on Harderian Gland in Chicken

The present gross morphological and morphometrical study was conducted on the Harderian gland of chicken. A total of 32 numbers of healthy birds were procured from the Poultry Farm of Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur. The chicks were divided into 4 groups viz. 3, 10, 17, and 24 days of age with 8 chicks in each group. It was seen that the Harderian gland was found directed towards ventro-medial aspect of the eyeball in chicks and loosely attached by periorbital fascia to the underlying muscle. The average biometrical observations of left and right Harderian gland in respect of weight, length, width and area of gland were found increased with the advancement of age. Area of the gland increased on its length from 17th day to 24th day of age which resulted into more elongated glands

Pathology of Wild Strain (DP/As-Km/0019) of Duck Plague Virus Infection Revived in Ducklings

Duck plague is an acute highly contagious disease of duck, geese and swan of all ages caused by Anatid Herpesvirus-1. The disease is characterized by significant decrease in growth, egg production and sudden death along with high morbidity and mortality which results into significant economic losses in duck industry. In present study, the pathology of wild strain (DP/As-Km/0019) of duck plague virus (DPV) was experimentally studied in 2 months old ducklings. The prominent clinical signs observed were depression, loss of appetite, greenish diarrhoea, ruffled feathers, nasal discharge, lacrimation and pasted eyelids with periorbital ring formation. The significant gross lesions were observed in spleen, oesophagus, liver, heart, brain and intestine. Vascular and degenerative changes like congestion, haemorrhages, necrosis and diphtheritic membrane formation were noticed in various parenchymatous organs. Microscopically, focal to diffuse areas of haemorrhages, coagulative necrosis, and fatty changes in liver, focal emphysema in lungs, formation of diphtheritic membrane on the mucosal surface along with presence of numerous infiltrating cells in oesophagus were recorded. Presence of Anatid Herpesvirus-1 viral DNA in liver and spleen tissue samples was detected by PCR.

Morphology Of Condyloid Process Of Mandible And It’s Surgical Relevance

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the morphological shapes of condyloid process of mandibleand finding out the prevalence of different forms in dry human mandibles.Methods: Gross examination of 60 dry human mandible was carried out from the collection of department ofAnatomy, Government medical college, bhavnagar, gujarat for the shape of condyloid process from superior,anterior, medial and lateral views.Results: From the superior view, shape was oval in 57.5%, elongated in 22.5%, rounded in 10%, angled in 9.17%and irregular in 0.83% of the mandibular condyles where as from the anteriror view, shapes were convex in47.5%, flat in 41.67% and angled in 10.83% of the condyles. From the lateral view, shapes observed were flat,rounded and pointed with their percentage being 58.33%, 33.33% and 8.33% respectively where as from themedial view, flat, rounded and pointed shapes were found in 32.5%, 60% and 7.5% of the condyles respectively.Conclusion: The data obtained from the present study may found helpful in personal identification, condylesurgeries and prosthesis making.

Morphometric Study Of Upper End Of Tibia In Gujarat Region And Its Clinical Implication In Knee Arthroplasty

Introduction: Upper end of tibia is the component of knee joint. Accurate morphometric anatomical data of theupper end of tibia and morphometric differences according to gender are very important to make design of totalknee joint replacement prosthesis. Knee prosthesis made based on morphometric data of components of knee(femur and tibia) and according to gender difference will give better results after surgery in early mobility ofpatients as well as fewer post-operative complications.Aim: Present study was done to find out sexual dimorphism in upper end of tibia as well as differences inmorphometric data of upper end of tibia between other populations across the world and within India.Materials and Methods: For the present study the material consisted of 120 dry tibia of known gender were used.Out of them 60 were of male tibia (30 of right side and 30 of left side) and 60 were of female tibia (30 of right sideand 30 of left side). We have selected five metrical parameters 1. Bicondylar width (BCW), 2. Medial condylarantero-posterior distance of superior articular surface (MCAPD), 3. Lateral condylar antero-posterior distanceof superior articular surface (LCAPD), 4. Medial condylar transverse distance of superior articular surface(MCTD) and 5. Lateral condylar transverse distance of superior articular surface (LCTD) for the present studybased on which the tibial component of prosthesis for knee joint replacement surgery is made.Results: All five parameters which are chosen are found significantly larger in male than females. The findingsare smaller than Caucasian population and population of North India and found larger than population of SouthIndia.Conclusion: Present study provides data of measurement of upper end of tibia by direct observation which will beuseful to select correct sized knee prosthesis according to measurements. We have also provided data genderwise and on right and left side which will improve the longitivity of knee prosthesis, increased mobility of patientand improve the lifestyle after knee replacement surgery.

Prevalence of anemia, thalassemia and sickle cell disorder in young adults of Gujarat.

Background & objectives: Anemia is considered as important clinical manifestation of haematological and non-haematological disease while thalassemia and sickle cell disease considered now as genetic disorders. The purpose is to investigate prevalence of anemia, β-thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait. Materials & Method: The present study was carried in 250 medical students (194 male & 56 female) for screening of for anemia, β thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait with help of tests like Haemoglobin estimation, Peripheral blood smear examination, NESTROFT and Dithionate turbidity test5,6 and Hb electrophoresis. Results: The prevalence of anemia was higher in female 25 (44.6%) as compared to male medical students 59 (30.4%) & difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) but anemia detected in male & female medical students was not correlated with MCV & PCV value (p>0.05). Only 2 (1.03%) male shows β thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait while in case of female 2 (3.57%) shows prevalence of β thalassemia trait & 1 (1.7%) shows prevalence of sickle cell trait. Conclusion: Knowledge of heterozygote for β-thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait impart great impact on society for genetic counselling and prevention of their offspring became homozygote for thalassemia major and sickle cell disease. Also evaluate sensitivity of simple screening test like NESTROFT and dithionate solubility test for detection of β-thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait.

Determination of sex from the anterior border of the human hip bone.

Background: The distinctive biometry of the anterior border of the human skeleton and its clear sexual dimorphism make it of interests from anatomical, forensic, obstetrical, radiological, archaeological and anthropological point of view for examination of skeleton remains. Aims & Objective: To determine the sex of human being from the anterior border of the hip bone. Material and Methods: For the present study total 306 normal dry human hip bones, out of which 202 are of male and 104 are of female, 141 are of Right side, 165 of Left side were studied. Osteometric board with graph paper and Sliding Vernier Calliper are used for all measurement. Results: Statistically highly significant(P ≤ 0.001) differences were detected between means in relation to sex for 6 variables ( The maximal width of the anterior border notch, The distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle , The distance from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the iliopubic eminence , The distance from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle , The length of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence, The depth of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence), Statistically very significant differences(p≤0.005) were detected between means in relation to sex for 2 variables( Index of widening of the anterior interspinous notch, The depth of the anterior interspinous notch), Statistically significant differences(P≤.01) were detected between means in relation to sex for 1 variable (Index of widening of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence). These variables could be used for sex determination from the human hip bone or its fragments. Conclusion: Therefore we consider that these 6 variables are the best of the variables studied for sexing human hip bone (P < 0.001).

Learning habits evaluation of first m.b.b.s students of bhavnagar medical college.

Background: The learning habit of a learner is the way he handles new information and experiences, and determines its outcomes. Various types of learning habits are adopted by students, including visual (V; learning from graphs, charts, and flow diagrams), auditory (A; learning from speech), read-write(R; learning from reading and writing), and kinesthetic (K; learning from touch, hearing, smell, taste, and sight).Understanding their preferred learning habits as visual, auditory, read-write or kinesthetic learners will help to improve the teaching methods adopted. Facilitators and supporters themselves may need guidance and training in how to identify feedback and adapt learning to individual's habits. Objective: To assess different learning habits of medical students and hence provide student oriented education, producing efficient doctors. Materials and Methods: This study was performed at Department of physiology in Govt. Medical College, Bhavnagar in March 2011.Eighty four (84) medical students of first MBBS were participated in the study. By using the English version of the visual, auditory, reading or writing, kinesthetic (VARK) questionnaire, we measured the difference in learning habits of First year medical students. Results: In Unimodal learning habit highest preference was given to auditory mode (48.57%), then to Kinesthetic (28.57%) & then to read (14.29%) & visual (8.57%). Among Multimodal learning habit students (n=44), 64.29% students preferred bimodal, 2.38% students preferred trimodal and 33.33% students preferred quadrimodal learning habit. Conclusion: Knowing that students have different preferred learning modes, will help medical instructors in our faculty develop appropriate learning approaches and explore opportunities so that they will be able to make the educational experience more productive. The results will help faculty to develop appropriate learning approaches and explore opportunities, so that they will able to make the educational experience more productive.

Correlation and regression analysis of stature in relation to head length in children.

Background & objective: Present study was carried out to find correlation and to derive a regression formula between head length and body height in Gujarat region. This is useful in anthropology, anatomy and forensic medicine. The material consists of 500 students from Gujarat. Methods: The age of subject was in the range of 8 to 18 years.The length of head was measured between two craniometric points, glabella and opisthocranion. Spreading caliper was used to measure head length. Height of the subject was measured with standard Height measuring instrument subject in anatomical position. Measurements were taken at fixed time to avoid diurnal variation. Results: The result obtained was analyzed and attempt was made to derive a formula between head length and total height of an individual. The result shows that there is a Moderate correlation between head length and height of an individual. Interpretation & conclusion: In present study the correlation co-efficient between height and head length is +0.30 Which is moderately significant and p value <0.05 and regression formula obtained is Y= 12.33 +7.75X.

Electrophoresis pattern in clinically and hematologically suspected cases of haemoglobinopathies.

Objective: Haemoglobinopathies are a group of disorders with structural or quantitative variation in normal hemoglobin structure. There are various identified haemoglobinopathies worldwide, among these sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia are prevalent in Gujarat. Both of them are associated with marked morbidity and mortality.Method: Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a low cost method helpful in early diagnosis of many of these haemoglobinopathies. In current retrospective study- 33 cases of clinically and hematological suspected cases of haemoglobinopathies were subjected for hemoglobin electrophoresis on agarose gel at pH 8.6. Result and conclusion: Out of 33 suspected cases 13 cases of thalassemia major, 10 cases of sickle cell anemia and 7 cases of sickle cell trait were diagnosed with varying degree of clinical and hematological findings.

Anthropological study of the foot and it’s relationship between different parameters and stature in an adult population of different areas of Gujarat.

Background And Objectives: The study has been done to find out correlation between different parameters of foot. The aim and objective are to develop a model to reconstruct a stature from foot breadth. The study is carried out in 285 asymptomatic healthy adults 149 Males and 136 Females between 18-23 years of age, belongs to different region of Gujarat. Materials And Methods: Foot breadth and foot length were measured with sliding calliper and stature was measured by a standard anthropometer rod in erect anatomical position. Observation And Results: Obtained data was statistically analysed, and a significant correlation of stature was observed with foot breadth and foot length with foot breadth on both Rt. And Lt. side in males and females. Linear regression equations were derived to calculate foot length and stature from foot breadth. Interpretation And Conclusion: A highly significant correlation coefficient (p-value 0.0000) has been found between different parameters of foot on both Rt. and Lt.side in males and females. So stature can be more accurately calculated by foot breadth than long bones. The findings are useful to anatomists, criminologists, human biologist and forensic medicine experts.

Measurement of ulnar length for estimation of stature in Gujarat.

In this study, an attempt has been made out to formulate a linear regression equation for estimation of stature from the ulnar length. The material consists of 310 subjects between 20-40 years of age in Gujarat. The Ulnar (Rt. & Lt.) length was measured by spreading caliper. The Stature ( Height ) was measured in standing erect, anatomical position with standard height measuring instrument. Data tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft excel. A good correlation of stature was observed with Ulnar length and it was statistically highly significant. The results of present study would be useful for Anthropologist and Forensic Medicine experts.

Multicentric morphometric study of dry human sacrum of Indian population in Gujarat Region.

Sacrum is a large triangular bone. It is formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae and forms the caudal region of the vertebral column. It forms posterosuperior wall of the pelvic cavity wedged between the two hip bones. The present study is undertaken to test the validity of the parameters by which it may be possible to know detail morphometry of sacrum and sacral hiatus. The material for the present study consists of 150 adult sacrum of unknown sex. The measuring was done on intact parts of normal bones. Bones showing wear and tear, fracture or any pathology were not considered. Each linear recording was taken to the nearest millimeter. shape and length of the sacral hiatus, level of apex and anteroposterior depth at apex, level of base and transverse width at base were measured with the help of vernier calipers, recorded, tabulated and analyzed. Significant findings in the present study are high, 83 (55.33%) bones showed narrowed sacral canal at the apex (0-3mm), where as previous studies reported 15.6%. This should be kept in mind while applying caudal epidural anaesthesia in Gujarati population.

Morphometric study of greater sciatic notch of dry human hip bone in Gujarat region.

The distinctive morphology of human skeleton and its clear sexual dimorphism make it of interests from anatomical, forensic, obstetrical, radiological and anthropological point of view. 100 known sex normal dry human hip bones obtained from Medical College Bhavnagar, 168 known sex normal dry human hip bones from BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad and Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad were studied the year of 2005-06. The posterior segment of Greater Sciatic Notch, Genoves’ sciatic notch index and posterior angle are found to be significant by t test (P < 0.001). The posterior angle of greater sciatic notch was found to be highly significant for determination of sex of hip bone.

Study of mandibular canine teeth dimorphism in establishing sex identity in Gujarat region.

Mandibular canines exhibit the greatest sexual dimorphism amongst all teeth. The present study was performed on 368 healthy MBBS students of Medical College, Bhavnagar (216 males, 152 females) of 18 – 24 years with the aim to investigate whether any correlation existed between odontometric measures including mandibular canine index, and sex determination in the year of 2006. Mean value of intercanine distance was higher in males than females and the difference was statistically highly significant (p value<0.01). Comparison of mean values of left and right mandibular canine widths exhibited lesser values in females. The variation in right and left mandibular canine width between males and females was highly significant (p value<0.01). The right and left mandibular canine index (MCI) among genders showed significant difference. Our study conclusively establishes the existence of a definite statistically significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines and MCI.

Morphometric study of pterion in dry skull of Gujarat Region.

The pterion is a commonly used landmark on neurocranium; classified in four types: sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, stellate and epipteric. In this study we have found out morphology and location of pterion of skull of Gujarat region and comparison of their morphology with other populations. 42 skulls of unknown gender were examined on both sides from Department of Anatomy, Medical College Bhavnagar. Measurements of the location of the pterion were made by using stainless steel callipers. Sphenoparietal was the most common form comprising 91.7%. Measurements between from center of pterion to posterior end of frontozygomatic suture, vertical distance to upper margin of zygomatic arch, horizontal distance to lateral margin of optic canal and horizontal distance to outer end of the sphenoid ridge on the lesser wing of the sphenoid were taken. Anatomical variations of the pterion, which are of interest to anthropologists, forensic pathologists and surgeons, deserve further investigation in other populations from different areas.

Study of carrying angle and its correlation with various parameters.

The role of carrying angle in the sex determination and its cause of formation is a long debated issue in Anatomy and Anthropology. Most studies have focused on the question of cause of formation of carrying angle, difference in sex and age but little attention has been given to correlate the carrying angle with various parameters. Hence, an effort has been made to find out correlation of carrying angle with height, and length of forearm. For present study, total 333 (173 female & 160 male) asymptomatic, healthy students of Nursing School, Homeopathic Medical College, Ayurvedic College and Medical College belonging to various regions of Gujarat were selected. There ages ranged between 17 to 22 years. An improvised instrument goniometer was used for measurement of carrying angle. Height was measured in standing, erect, anatomical position from vertex to heel with bare foot. Vernier caliper of 12” was used to measure the length of forearm. According to the present study, height and length of forearm of the person are inversely related with the carrying angle. Greater carrying angle in female is considered as secondary sex characteristic. Knowledge of the carrying angle helps in paediatric elbow surgery. It also helps orthopedic surgeon for correction of cubitus varus deformity occurring after malunited supracondylar fracture of humerus.

Study of femoral neck anteversion of adult dry femora in Gujarat region.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the average angle of femoral neck anteversion in an Indian population. Unpaired 92 dry femurs, 50 of female (27 right and 23 left) and 42 of male (22 right and 20 left) devoid of any gross pathology were used to measure the femoral neck angle (FNA) from Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Bhavnagar in year 2005. They were evaluated by the Kingsley Olmsted method, and the data were statistically analyzed. In female femoral neck anteversion range form –8.3° to +30.4º with a mean of 16.4º on left and 10.5º on right sides. In male femoral neck anteversion range from –13.7° to +25.6º with a mean of 14.3º on right and 7.2º on left sides. The female femora showed about 2.7° more anteversion than the male femora. The average left-sided femora showed about 6.4° more anteversion than the right-sided femora.

An Increased Incidence Of C-Band Heteromorphism In Hereditary Breast Cancer Patients and Their Healthy Blood Relatives An Indian Experience.

Healthy blood relatives (HBR) of the hereditary breast cancer (HBC) patients are considered to be at higher risk to develop cancer. However, all of them do not suffer from same. This may indicate the possibility of association with genetic polymorphism among them. We have studied this genetic polymorphism in terms of C-band heteromorphism among 11 HBC patients, 36 HBR and results were compared with 22 control females. Significantly higher incidence (p < 0.001) of C-band heteromorphism has been observed among the HBC patients and their HBR as compared to the control females. At the same time, however, the difference in incidence of C-band heteromorphism among HBC patients and their HBR were not statistically significant. The findings indicate possibilities of (i) an association between C-band heteromorphism and hereditary breast cancer, and (ii) C-band heteromorphism may be one of the important factors conferring HBR at an elevated risk to develop the breast cancer.